Verdun Treaty partitions Charlemagne's empire (Louis--Germany, Charles--France)
Peace
843
Charles the Bald recognizes hereditary fiefdoms & decentralizes Holy Roman Empire
Government
877
King Henry I of Franconia unites the German duchies
Government
919
Henry I the Fowler establishes Ottonian Dynasty & is first king of East Francia
Government
919
Magyar advance into Germany stopped by army of Henry the Fowler
War
933
Wenceslaus killed (refuses to give up Christianity & break alliance with Germany)
Government
935
German nun Hrosritha writes about Cordoba as "the ornament of the world"
Culture
955
Otto I the Great subdues the Magyars, nomadic horsemen, at the Battle of Lechfeld
War
955
Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor and protector of Papal States
Government
962
Ottonian dynasty establishes Christian states in Poland, Bohemia, & Hungary
Religion
973
Germany's Henry II (canonized a saint in 1146) becomes Holy Roman Emperor
War
1014
Henry IV crosses Alps to seek forgiveness from Pope Gregory VII at Canossa (Italy)
Religion
1077
Henry V conforms to Concordant of Worms
Religion
1122
Frederick I Barbarossa defeated by Lombard League at Battle of Leg Nano (Legnano)
War
1176
Frederick Barbarossa signs the final Peace of Constance
Peace
1183
Henry VI marries Constance of Sicily, heiress to the Sicilian throne
Government
1186
Henry of Hohenstaufen marries Constance of Sicily as Germans rule Sicily
Government
1186
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowns in river on route to the Holy Land
Religion
1190
Nation of France is born and Germany is weakened at the Battle of Bouvines
War
1214
Frederick II 'captures' Jerusalem after months of negotiations with the Arabs
Peace
1229
Foundation stone laid for Cologne Cathedral--not to be completed until 1880
Architecture
1248
Rudolf crowned in Aachen Cathedral as king of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor
Government
1273
Hanseatic League holds its first diet at Lubeck
Trade
1356
Charles IV of Luxemburg proposes new procedures to elect Holy Roman Emperors
Government
1356
Election of two popes begins Great Schism of the West lasting 1378-1417
Religion
1378
Maximilian I extends the influence of the Habsburg Empire in every direction
Government
1493
Martin Luther protests against Catholic Church with 95 theses
Religion
1517
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V grants approval for slave trade
Trade
1518
Luther crystallizes his ideas in 18-day debate with Johann Eck
Religion
1519
Martin Luther accused of heresy by Charles V at the Diet of Worms
Religion
1521
Luther translates Bible into German
Religion
1522
German Peasants' War ends at Frankenhausen with execution of Thomas Muntzer
War
1525
Hapsburgs 'rule' Hungary after 1526
Government
1526
Mutinous imperial army sacks Rome bringing shame to Charles V
War
1527
First Ottoman siege of Vienna fails--ending Ottoman expansion in Europe
War
1529
Anabaptists are ousted from Munster after 18 months in control of the city
Religion
1535
John Calvin to Geneva
Religion
1536
Religious wars brought to temporary end by Charles V at Peace of Augsburg
Peace
1555
Ferdinand I becomes emperor when his brother Charles V abdicates
Government
1556
Charles V resigns as king of Spain in favor of his son, Philip, and retires
Government
1556
Knights of St. John force Ottomans to lift seige of Malta
War
1565
Vienna becomes permanent capital of Holy Roman Empire
Government
1617
All German lands become concentrated in one ruler, Leopold I
Government
1665
Vienna survives second Ottoman siege after arrival of Christian relief army
War
1683
French invasion of Germany remembered as 'the devastation of the Palatinate'
War
1689
Treaty of Karlowitz--first major Ottoman reversal
Peace
1699
Johann Sebastian Bach creates the Brandenburg Concertos
Music
1721
Partition of Poland agreed to by Russia, Prussia, and Austria
War
1772
Goethe writes The Sorrows of Young Werther and creates "Werther Fever"
Arts
1775
Joseph II gains complete control on death of his mother, Empress Maria Theresa
Government
1780
Mozart's Magic Flute premieres in Vienna
Music
1791