Mongol Conquests

Category
Wars
Begin
1206
End
1368
Region
Global
Reference
Oxford Atlas of World History, p. 98-9; 40 million casualties; [Smithsonian, p. 478]
Excerpts from Books and Wikipedia
"The Mongol Empire emerged in the course of the 13th century by a series of conquests and invasions throughout Central and Western Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s. The speed and extent of territorial expansion parallels the Hunnic/Turkic conquests of the Migration period (the 6th century Turkic Khaganate). The territorial gains of the Mongols persisted into the 14th century in China (Yuan Dynasty), into the 15th century in Persia (Timurid dynasty) and in Russia (Tatar and Mongol raids against Russian states), and into the 19th century in India (the Mughal Empire)." [Wikipedia] "Between 1246 and 1264, the Mongols spread their conquests from east to west, but then watch the empire divide into four. . . . Kublai still ruled in the east, but the Golden Horde khanship and the Chagatai Khanate would continue to claim their independence. Hulagu’s own conquests, growing apart from the other Mongol lands, would become the Il-khanate, a separate Mongol kingdom in the Middle East. The empire that had stretched from the Chinese coast to the Black Sea had fractured into quarters. . . " [Bauer: Renaissance World, p. 339-343]

This period is linked to the following events

Event Name
Category
Date
Temujin becomes Genghis Khan (universal ruler) after uniting Mongolian tribes
Government
1206
Keivan Rus' submits to Mongols (Batu Khan) becoming part of Golden Horde empire
War
1241
Mongols conquer Poland and Hungary but turn back from invasion of Europe
War
1241
Mongols break up sultanate of Konya in Battle of Kose Dag
War
1243
Hulegu leads Mongols to destroy Baghdad, vast library, and last Abbasid caliph
War
1258
Hulegu constructs an observatory at Maragha (northwest Iran)
Science
1259
Mamluks (led by Baibars) defeat Mongols at Battle of Ain Jalut in eastern Galilee
War
1260
Kublai Khan defeats Southern Song dynasty at the Battle of Xiangyang
War
1273
Kubai Khan invades Japan, but typhoon sinks about 4,000 Mongol ships
War
1281