Excerpts from Books and Wikipedia
The 1947 partition resulted in 9 million Muslim refugees and 5 million Hindu refugees. [Kennedy: Parliament of Man, Kindle, Location 2498] "In Pakistan’s east, the boundary of the 1947 partition divides a Punjab subregion that continues well into India—a land of villages, wheatfields, and irrigation canals. In the northwest, Pakistan closely resembles the Afghanistan Transition Zone in its huge migrant populations and mountainous borderland. . . . The disparate subregions of Pakistan shared the Islamic faith but little else. Karachi and the coastal south, the southwestern desert of Balochistan, the city of Lahore and surrounding Punjab, the rugged northwest along Afghanistan’s border, and the mountainous far north remain worlds apart. Urdu is the official language, yet English remains the lingua franca of the elite. . . . Roughly 80 percent of the people are Sunni Muslims, and the Shia minority accounts for most of the remaining 20 percent. Sunni fanatics intermittently attack Shi’ites, leading to retaliation and establishing grounds for subsequent counterattacks. To govern so diverse and fractious a country would challenge any political system, and so far Pakistan has failed the test." [Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts, 17th Edition, p. 351-2]